The authors of the book Game of Shadows, Mark Fainaru-Wada and Lance Williams, have been brought to the forefront of sports reporting in this year. Their research for the San Francisco Chronicle with regards to BALCO's distribution of illegal steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs became the foundation for Shadows' information. The long and short of the book is that Victor Conte, the founder and director of BALCO, along with other employees, distributed "the cream" and "the clear." The clear is tetrahydrogestrinone, an anabolic steroid. The cream is a masking agent used to hide the usage of the clear when tested.
Game of Shadows connected Barry Bonds, Gary Sheffield, Jason Giambi, Marion Jones, Tim Montgomery and Bill Romanowski, amongst others, to BALCO. Romanowski was a linebacker in the NFL, playing for San Francisco, Philadelphia, Denver and Oakland while gaining two entries in the Pro Bowl. He amassed 911 tackles in his 16 year career, an average total for a player of his career length.
Jones and Montgomery, who at one time dated and had a child, were both track stars. Montgomery ran the 100 meter dash in 2002 in 9.78 seconds, for what was then a men's world record. His record was removed from the books due to his usage of the BALCO drugs. In the 2000 Olympics, Jones won gold medals in the 100 and 200 meter dashes and the 4x400 meter relay. She also won bronzes in the long jump and the 4x100 meter relay. She has not been stripped of these medals or any other achievements, but Conte stated on 20/20 that he gaves Jones five different performance enhancing drugs.
The focus is Bonds, which is not shocking when one considers the weight of his historical standing within the game. But Giambi and Sheffield are important athletes as well. Sheffield is a nine-time All Star and finished in the top ten of the MVP voting six times. Giambi is a five time All Star, a one time MVP winner and finished in the top ten three other times. And Bonds, of course, is currently second in all time home runs, holds the single season home run record, is a 13 time All Star, has won seven MVPs (and finished in the top ten six other times, including two second place finishes) and eight Gold Gloves. He has possibly the best statistical record in the history of the game.
Thanks to Game of Shadows, the relevance of steroid usage was magnified to an extent it had never been done before. The issue of steroid and other performance-enhancing drugs is such a notable issue that George W. Bush touched upon the issue in his 2004 State of the Union address. Fainaru-Wade and Williams undoubtedly attempted to do this with their book.
In the research necessary to author their book, Fainaru-Wade and Williams interviewed 200 people and reviewed 1,000 documents. Among those documents were leaked grand jury testimony from the federal government's investigation of BALCO. The government, in an attempt to find the source of these leaks and to prosecute the responsible parties, demanded Fainaru-Wade and Williams to surrender the name of their contact. The authors refused. In turn, the government has threatened the two with jail time due to contempt of court for failing to comply with their demand.
I believe that the main legal argument of Fainaru-Wade and Williams is that they should not be forced to hand in their source or sources due to the journalistic requirements of their job. If they reveal their source, they will never be able to work as a journalist again as no one would be willing to speak with them off the record, giving them a right to keep their conversations private much like a doctor, lawyer or priest can. This stance could possibly define the legal rights of jounrlaists to an extent yet to be handled on the national level - if the journalist has any rights to privacy with regards to the conversations he or she has with unnamed sources.
I believe this will be a long legal fight that will last for several years and will not cease until the Supreme Court makes a ruling. They can rule in one of two manners - either journalists do have the right to keep the information of who their sources are secret under 95% of all cases (instances of serious legal circumstances, such as threats to the national security, will be the exceptions) or they do not have this right.
In the end, though, the authors could spend more time in jail than Victor Conte. Conte only spent six months behind bars with his plea bargain; Fainaru-Wade and Williams are being requested to give information for a year-long grand jury that has been in existance for less than a month. The judge can order the authors behind bars for the entire length of the jury's existence if they fail to provide information; as a result, they could spend 10 to 11 months imprisoned, longer than the man behind the entire BALCO operation.
